This space refers to a 12 x 12 space of modes or notes. It is the Chromatic Circle x Chromatic Circle into a Chromatic Torus.
With in it, we see every possible heptatonic and pentatonic scale in every possible key.
We can further slice this 12×12 space into smaller constructs that are more manageable. For example, below is a 5×12 (the 5 referring to movements in fifths and not the number of notes) heptatonic diagram:
